惨案！目睹者称，可怜的河豚竟然被当成皮球玩，闯祸者海豚过后还幸灾乐祸，为何如斯残忍，原因到底几何？欢送来到今日的《走进海底》节目——海豚不为人知的一面。
Dolphins never cease to amaze. As researchers delve into the underwater world of these brilliant cetaceans, were learning how full of surprises these creatures are, from their intricate social lives to their intelligence. Here are just some of the ways dolphins are exceptional, both physically and mentally.海豚是一种令人惊讶不已的生物。跟着研究人员对那些伶俐的鲸目动物所处的水下世界停止深切研究，我们也逐步领会到那种动物事实有多么奇异，它们不单拥有复杂的社会生活，还有着超群的智力。以下就是海豚在心理和心理方面的不凡表示。
Dolphins evolved from land-based animals海豚从陆地动物进化而来Dolphins didnt always live in the water. They are whats called reentrants. Millions of years ago, the ancestors of dolphins roamed across land. The dolphins we know today are evolved from even-toed ungulates, which had hoof-like toes at the end of each foot. But around 50 million years ago, these ancestor animals decided the ocean was a better place to live. They eventually returned to the water and evolved into the dolphins that we know today.海豚其实不老是生活在水里，它们从陆地走入了海洋。数百万年前，海豚的祖先在陆地上游荡。我们当今熟知的海豚是由偶蹄类有蹄动物进化而来的，那种动物每只脚的末端都长有蹄类脚趾。但大约5000万年前，海豚祖先认为海洋更合适保存，于是回到水中，进化成现在的海豚。The evidence for this evolutionary history can still be seen in dolphins today. Adult dolphins and whales have remnant finger bones in their flippers, as well as vestigial leg bones.今天，在海豚身上，仍然能够看到那种进化的证据。成年海豚和鲸的鳍状肢上另有残留的指骨和腿骨。
Most dolphins dont chew大大都海豚不会咀嚼If youve ever watched a dolphin eat, you may have noticed that they seem to gulp down their food. Thats because dolphins cant chew. Instead, their teeth are used to grip prey, according to Whale and Dolphin Conservation. Sometimes, theyll shake their food or rub it on the ocean floor to tear it into more manageable pieces. One theory for why theyve evolved to do away with chewing is because they need to quickly consume fish before dinner can swim away. Skipping the process of chewing ensures their meal doesnt escape.若是你见过海豚吃工具，你可能会留意到它们似乎是在吞食食物。那是因为海豚不会咀嚼。按照鲸豚保育协会（Whale and Dolphin Conservation）的说法，它们的牙齿是用来捕获猎物的。有时，他们会摇摆猎物，或者咬着猎物在海底摩擦，将其撕成更容易吞咽的碎片。至于它们为什么不进化成咀嚼的进食体例，有一种说法是，它们需要在晚饭游走前敏捷处理，跳过咀嚼的过程能够确保食物不会从嘴边溜走。
Dolphins teach their young how to use tools海豚会教幼仔若何利用东西Researchers discovered that a population of dolphins living in Shark Bay, Australia, use tools, and they pass that knowledge down from mother to daughter. The behavior is called "sponging," and the researchers found it was not only the first instance of tool use in cetaceans, but it was also evidence of culture among non-humans, according to research published by Eric M. Patterson and Janet Mann in the journal PLOS ONE.研究人员发现，生活在澳大利亚鲨鱼湾的一群海豚会利用东西，相关经历还会代代相传。按照埃里克·M·帕特森（Eric M. Patterson）和珍妮特·曼（Janet Mann）在《公共科学藏书楼·综合》（PLOS ONE）杂志上颁发的研究，那种行为被称为“海绵行为”，那不只是鲸类利用东西的初次发现，也是人类之外文化的存在证据。Individuals in this small group of dolphins search for several minutes to find cone-shaped sea sponges. They tear this sea sponge free of the ocean floor, then carry it on their beaks to a hunting ground where they use it to probe the sand for hiding fish. The researchers think this helps protect their sensitive snouts while they hunt.那群海豚会花上几分钟来寻找锥形的海绵，把那块海绵从海底撕下来，套在嘴巴上后，它们会来到捕食场合，用海绵来探测藏在沙子里的鱼儿。研究人员认为那种做法能够庇护它们在捕猎时敏感的喙部。
Dolphins call each other by name 海豚会呼唤相互的名字We know dolphins communicate, but were learning more about how they do this all the time.我们晓得海豚能够互享交换，但我们不断都在探究它们事实是若何交换的。Dolphins have names and respond when called. Dolphins within pods have their own "signature whistle," just like a name, and other dolphins can use that special whistle to get the attention of their pod mates. Considering dolphins are a highly social species with the need to stay in touch over distances, it makes sense they would have evolved to use "names" much the same way people do.每个海豚都有本身的名字，被呼唤时会做出反响。统一个群体中的海豚有本身的“专属口哨”，那种口哨就和名字一样，其他海豚能够用那那种特殊的口哨来吸引海豚同伴的留意。因为海豚是一种高度社会化的物种，需要在相距较远时连结联络，所以和人类一样，它们进化出利用“名字”的交换体例，那也说得过去。According to the BBC, researchers followed a group of wild bottlenose dolphins, recording their signature whistles and then playing the calls back to the dolphins.按照英国播送公司（BBC）的报导，研究人员对一群野生宽吻海豚停止跟踪，录下它们的口哨声后，再将其回放给那群海豚。"The researchers found that individuals only responded to their own calls, by sounding their whistle back. The team believes the dolphins are acting like humans: when they hear their name, they answer."“研究人员发现，每个海豚只会对本身的口哨声有反响。研究小组认为海豚的行为与人类类似：只要听到本身的名字时，它们才会答复。”Whats more, they dont respond when the signature whistles of dolphins from strange pods are played, showing that theyre looking for and responding to specific information within whistles. The research opens up whole new questions about the extent of dolphin vocabulary, and it also could reveal clues about the evolution of our own language skills.更重要的是，当播放其他群体海豚的专属口哨时，那群海豚不会做出任何反响，那申明海豚会在口哨中寻找特定信息，并对其做出反响。那项研究为海豚词汇量的广度提出了全新的疑问，也为我们本身语言技能的进化供给了研究线索。The study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.那项研究颁发在《美国国度科学院院刊》（Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences）上。
Dolphins get high on fish toxins海豚会对鱼类毒素磕上瘾We know that pufferfish have strong toxins. Apparently dolphins know this too, and they use this for recreational benefit.寡所周知，河豚体内含有剧毒。很显然，海豚也对此心知肚明，但它们会把河豚当做娱乐道具。Normally, pufferfish toxin is deadly. However, in small doses the toxin acts like a narcotic. BBC filmed dolphins gently playing with a pufferfish, passing it between pod members for 20 to 30 minutes, then hanging around at the surface seemingly mesmerized by their own reflections.一般而言，河豚毒素是致命的；然而，小剂量的毒素却有着如麻醒剂一样的成效。英国播送公司拍摄了一组画面，海豚与河豚温顺地游玩，并将其当成皮球，在同伴之间传来传去，那一过程持续了20至30分钟。之后海豚会在水面上发愣，似乎倾倒于本身的倒影之中。Rob Pilley, a zoologist who also worked as a producer on the series, was quoted in The Independent: "This was a case of young dolphins purposely experimenting with something we know to be intoxicating … It reminded us of that craze a few years ago when people started licking toads to get a buzz, especially the way they hung there in a daze afterwards. It was the most extraordinary thing to see."罗伯·皮利（Rob Pilley）是一名动物学家，也是该系列节目标造做人。《独立报》（The Independent）援引他的话说：“在那个例子中，年轻的海豚会成心体验令人含混的毒素……那让人不由想起，几年前人类舔舐蟾蜍以获得中毒快感时的那股热潮，尤其是后来海豚在水面发愣的样子更为熟悉。那实是太不寻常了。”Apparently humans arent the only species to knowingly dabble in strange substances to achieve an altered state of mind.显然，成心接触奇异物量来改动精神形态的物种，其实不只要人类。
看来，海豚也是淘气捣蛋的小家伙呢，各人是不是对海豚愈加喜好了呢？本文为百度翻译原创内容翻译：郝泽坤 （北语） 编纂：Judith文章来源：Mnn
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