为什么翼龙不是恐龙?(为什么翼龙不是恐龙的品种)

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那个问题其实我也是入行很久才算理解,争取在那里解释清晰。

古生物中对一个类群的定义一般有两种,基于演化树和基于形态学特征。对恐龙(包罗今天的鸟类)那个类群而言,基于演化树的定义大要是“三角龙和现代鸟类的配合祖先及其全数后代”,相当于是在树上选了两片叶子,然后往根部逃溯到最早的阿谁分叉点(配合祖先)。

一张典型的恐龙的演化树 Benson et al., 2014

因为翼龙在演化树上的位置并没有被“三角龙和现代鸟类的配合祖先及其全数后代”那个定义包罗,所以翼龙不是恐龙。

良多解释到那里就完毕了,老是有种钦定的觉得,一个很显然的问题就是,演化树是怎么来的?

现代的古生物研究次要基于形态学,在重建演化关系的时候会基于形态学特征,详细被称为收序系统学(cladistics)。收序系统学有几个假设:

演化是根据二叉树状构造发作的,

配合衍征(shared derived character/synapomorphy)能够被逃溯到配合祖先并且不在更早的祖先或者其他旁收中呈现,

重建演化树只利用配合衍征。

根据那几个假设,我们就比力好理解为什么能否有同党或者能否能飞翔不是一个配合衍征,因为鸟类的同党和翼龙的同党剖解构造差别庞大,有差别的起源。按照配合衍征重建出来的演化树上,翼龙和恐龙的配合祖先的位置早于所有恐龙的的配合祖先的位置,因而翼龙不是恐龙。

几种脊椎动物同党和人前肢比照,剖解构造明显差别,因而不克不及被解释为配合起源,而是趋同演化的成果。https://pterosaurnet.blogspot.com/2010/04/introduction-to-pterosaur-and-bird-wing.html

对恐龙那个类群而言,除了基于树的定义,还有基于形态学的定义。通过大量的比照剖解工做,研究人员发现了有很多配合衍征存在于恐龙那个大类群中,基于Nesbitt 2011年的工做,也是他博士论文中的一章,以下12个配合衍征是属于恐龙那个类群的(间接粘贴维基百科dinosaur词条,次要都是剖解学的概念,感兴趣的同窗能够本身翻译或者看原论文):

in the skull, a supratemporal fossa (excavation) is present in front of the supratemporal fenestra, the main opening in the rear skull roofepipophyses, obliquely backward pointing processes on the rear top corners, present in the anterior (front) neck vertebrae behind the atlas and axis, the first two neck vertebraeapex of deltopectoral crest (a projection on which the deltopectoral muscles attach) located at or more than 30% down the length of the humerus (upper arm bone)radius, a lower arm bone, shorter than 80% of humerus lengthfourth trochanter (projection where the caudofemoralis muscle attaches on the inner rear shaft) on the femur (thighbone) is a sharp flangefourth trochanter asymmetrical, with distal, lower, margin forming a steeper angle to the shafton the astragalus and calcaneum, upper ankle bones, the proximal articular facet, the top connecting surface, for the fibula occupies less than 30% of the transverse width of the elementexoccipitals (bones at the back of the skull) do not meet along the midline on the floor of the endocranial cavity, the inner space of the braincasein the pelvis, the proximal articular surfaces of the ischium with the ilium and the pubis are separated by a large concave surface (on the upper side of the ischium a part of the open hip joint is located between the contacts with the pubic bone and the ilium)cnemial crest on the tibia (protruding part of the top surface of the shinbone) arcs anterolaterally (curves to the front and the outer side)distinct proximodistally oriented (vertical) ridge present on the posterior face of the distal end of the tibia (the rear surface of the lower end of the shinbone)concave articular surface for the fibula of the calcaneum (the top surface of the calcaneum, where it touches the fibula, has a hollow profile)

Nesbitt原论文链接:

The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades​www.researchgate.net/publication/232678368_The_Early_Evolution_of_Archosaurs_Relationships_and_the_Origin_of_Major_Clades

因为翼龙缺乏那些配合衍征,所以从形态学的定义上翼龙也是不属于恐龙的。

最初,若是认真去思虑收序系统学的假设和办法论,会发现它不克不及完全描述所有的情况,有些时候以至会有轮回论证的现象,但是那些如今都不影响翼龙不是恐龙的结论。只能说,在利用了接近半个世纪之后,脊椎动物古生物学不该该走向停滞,反而有很大的改良空间,那也是留给现代的古生物学家的问题。